A. Find the words from the text and solve the puzzle. Clues are given below.
ACROSS
1. the custom of having more than one wife at the same time: Polygamy
5. to find an acceptable way of dealing with opposing ideas, needs etc.: Reconcile
6. the process in which towns, streets, etc. are built where there was once countryside: Urbanization
7. the process by which somebody learns to behave in an acceptable way in their society: Socialization
DOWN
1. ruled or controlled by men: Patriarchal
2. the act of taking over a position: Succession
3. done in a way without caring if people are shocked: Blatant
4. single-parent: One-Parent
B. Find the meanings of the following family-related words and use them in your own sentences.
Nuclear family: The family consisting of parents and their children, typically living in one home residence.
Sentence: A nuclear family is better than an extended family in terms of financial management.
Monogamy: The practice of marrying or state of being married to one person at a time.
Sentence: Most of the societies in the world practice monogamy.
Sibling-in-law: A sibling-in-law is the spouse of one's sibling, or the sibling of one's spouse, or the person who is married to the sibling of one's spouse.
Sentence: My sibling in law does not know how good I am.
Milk kinship: The kinship of a person formed with a non-biological mother and her relatives because of milk feeding and rearing during childhood is called milk kinship.
Sentence: Sadikshya has milk kinship with the lady, with whom she currently lives.
Matrilineal: The tracing of kinship through the line of mother or other female ancestors.
Sentence: The Nepalese society does not practice matrilineal inheritance.
Nepotism: The act of using power or influence to favor a relative or a friend for getting them access to some unfair benefits.
Sentence: The near and dear ones of the top political leaders in Nepal easily get influential positions due to nepotism.
Maternity: Things related to pregnancy or birth and also the state of being a mother.
Sentence: Sarita is on maternity leave as she is in her late pregnancy.
C. The following words are from the above text. Each word has two parts.
polygamy, unmarried, nontraditional, dissolution, inequitable
poly, un, non, dis and in are prefixes. They make new words when they are added to the beginning of other root words.
(Polycarbonate, Polyallergic, polyclinic/ unable, undress, uncommon, unaware, unemployment/ nonfiction, nonsmoker, nonsense, nonstop/ disadvantage, disappear, disobey, dishonest/ involve, insignificant, invent, independent, invisible)
Make at least five words using the prefixes given. Consult a dictionary to learn how they change the meaning of root words.
Pre-
Prevent: come ‘before’ - for example, 'They tried to prevent an accident by taking the appropriate safety measures'.
Preheat: heat ‘before’ - for example, 'Before you make a cake, don't forget to preheat the oven'
Prejudice: judge ‘before’ - for example, 'You shouldn't have prejudice about anything before you try it.'
Preview: see ‘before’ - for example, 'At the cinema, before the film, they showed the previews.'
Predict: say ‘before’ - for example, 'My gran always said you can't predict what the weather will be.'
Prewar, Preschool, Precooked, Prearranged
Semi-
Semicircle
Semiannual
Semifinal
Semiskilled
Semiclassic
Semiretired
Semipublic
Semimetals
Semicolons
Semiurban
Sub-
Subconscious
Submarine
Submerge
Submissive
Subterranean
Subtitle
Subcontinent
Subway
Subset
Mis-
Misinformation
Mistaken
Misguide
Miscalculate
Mistrust
Misfield
Misbehave
Mislead
Misfire
Misspell
Mono-
Monologue
Monopoly
Monograph
Monocotyledon
Monoxide
Monogamy
Monotheism
Monolayer
Monorail
Monocycle
Un-
Unable
Undress
Uncommon
Unaware
Unemployment
Unbeaten
Unfair
Unfit
Unmissable
Unreliable
In-
Independent
Invisible
Insignificant
Insane
Inexpensive
Incomplete
Injustice
Informal
Inadequate
Indirect
Inter-
International
Interschool
Intervene
Internet
Interweave
Interlink
Intercast
Interclass
Interact
Interview .
Comprehension
A. The headings of the first five paragraphs of the above text are given below. Write paragraph number next to them.
a. Patriarchal family -3rd Paragraph
b. Functions of the family -2nd Paragraph
c. Modern model of family -5th Paragraph
d. Effects of industrialization on family structure -4th Paragraph
e. Defining family -1st Paragraph
B. Answer the following questions.
a. What type of family is thought to be the oldest form of the family?
Ans: Nuclear family is thought to be the oldest form of the family.
b. How does a family provide security to its members?
Ans: A family provides emotional and psychological security through warmth, love, and companionship. It also provides physical security for its members by protecting them from external dangers.
c. What were the features of medieval European family?
Ans: The features of a medieval European family were:
It was an extended family.
It was male dominated.
d. What caused the dissolution of extended families in the West?
Ans: Due to industrialization and urbanization, many people including the unmarried youths left the farm and went to urban centres to become industrial workers. This process led to the dissolution of many extended families in the West.
e. What change occurred in gender role in the modern family that emerged
after the Industrial Revolution?
Ans: The change that occurred in gender role in the modern family that emerged after the Industrial Revolution were:
Improvement in the position of women in a family that is equality between men and women was seen.
The concept of family roles that was separated to male and female broke down.
Some couples chose to have babies without the wedlock.
Rise in divorce cases and increase in the number of one-parent households was apparent.
f. What is family law?
Ans: The part of law that defines the legal relationships among family members as well as the relationships between families and society is called family law.
g. How is modern marriage defined?
Ans: Modern marriage is defined as the voluntary union, usually between a man and woman. aIt also includes the same-sex marriages.
h. What do special family courts try to do?
Ans: Family courts try to resolve the family matters by dealing with sensitive issues like divorce, custody of children, succession of property, etc.
i. What does the legislation on child labour and child abuse declare?
Ans: Legislation on child labour and child abuse declares society’s responsibility for a child’s best interests.
j. What is common among most legal systems regarding property?
Ans: The common among most legal systems regarding property is that the division of property left by a deceased family member is done as per the will, testament or by any other means.
Critical thinking
a. What changes have started to occur in Nepali families in recent days? What impacts will they bring on society? Discuss.
b. We see many elderly people in the elderly homes these days in Nepal. Some of them are abandoned while others live there willingly. Do you think Nepali people are deviating from their traditional culture? Give reasons.
Writing
A. Write an essay on The Importance of Family. In your essay, you can use these
guiding questions.
• Why family is important to you.
• Why family is or is not important for society.
• How you think families will change in the future.
B. Some people think it is better to live in a nuclear family. Other people think that living in extended family is more advantageous. What do you think? Write an essay discussing the advantages and disadvantages of both.
Grammar
Modal verbs
B. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
a. 'How much was your parking ticket?' 'Fifty rupees.' 'Oh well, it could have been worse.'
i. could have ii. must have iii. should have
b. It might have got lost in the post. These things happen sometimes.
i. can't have ii. might have iii. must have
c. 'Sorry I'm late. I got delayed at work.' 'You could have called. I was really worried about you.'
i. must have ii. could have iii. would have
d. 'I don't think he meant to be rude.' 'He must have/might have said sorry.'
i. must have ii. might have iii. would have
e. 'Whose signature is this?' 'I don't know. It could be Manoj's. That looks
a bit like an M.'
i. must ii. could iii. Should
f. I had it when I left the office so I must have lost it on the way to home.
i. mustn't have ii. must have iii. should have
g. You might think it's funny, but I think it's pathetic.
i. might ii. should iii. could
C. Complete the following sentences with appropriate endings. Use correct modal verbs.
Example: She could be a doctor; however,…………….…………… .
She could be a doctor; however, she preferred to be an advocate.
a. At the end of the course, students must take an exam.
b. If you want to earn a lot of money, you should start a decent business.
c. You were not in your house yesterday. You might have been somewhere else.
d. I'm quite busy tomorrow. I cannot attend your birthday party.
e. When you were a small kid, you used to be stupid.
f. My car is broken. I should get it repaired.
g. I've got a fast speed internet at home. I can share with the neighbours too.
h. Even though she didn't study well, she could have passed the exam.
i. There are plenty of newspapers in the library. You should borrow some if you want.
j. What do you think you were doing, playing on the road? You might get into an accident.
k. I have no time. I must complete this assignment within the deadline.
l. You don't look well. You must visit a doctor.
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